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Through our process, we purified the active recombinant nattokinase and tested its ability to dissolve blood clots. Our results were promising; the enzyme exhibited a fibrinolytic activity of 58FU/mg, which is notably five times more effective than the currently used drug, orokinase.
We optimized the conditions for producing nattokinase, including factors like temperature and nutrient concentrations, resulting in an impressive yield of 1805.50 mg/L. This improved production method paves the way for scaling up nattokinase's use in treating cardiovascular diseases related to blood clots. The findings emphasize nattokinase's potential as an effective thrombolytic agent.
By employing a stepwise computational strategy, we modeled the interactions between nattokinase and thrombin to pinpoint specific cleavage sites. This innovative approach allowed us to validate our predictions through mass spectrometry and functional assays, solidifying our understanding of how nattokinase works at a molecular level.
Our findings reveal that nattokinase might play a vital role in breaking the cycle of inflammation and thrombosis by targeting thrombin, thus enhancing its therapeutic potential for cardiovascular health. Overall, this study sheds light on the crucial interactions between these proteins and underscores the importance of nattokinase in managing blood clot dynamics.
Through various fibrinolytic assays, we discovered that both nattokinase and G8 could effectively dissolve clots from whole blood and euglobulin, indicating their potential in managing vascular obstructive diseases. A closer look at G8 revealed that it can directly break down fibrin, which is crucial in clot formation.
Interestingly, the crude extract of G8 demonstrated six distinct bands of activity on zymography, with the most potent activity found at a molecular weight of 20.0 kDa. This suggests that G8 contains a variety of fibrinolytic enzymes, potentially including nattokinase and others that support its clot-dissolving abilities. In summary, we observed that G8 exhibits strong fibrinolytic properties, supported by multiple enzymes working together to aid in clot dissolution.
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Through tail vein injections into a mouse model, the combination of manganese oxide and nattokinase showed promising results. We observed that this innovative treatment not only helped dissolve clots but also countered oxidative stress—an issue that often exacerbates heart damage. The results indicated significant improvements in restoring blood flow and reducing heart injury.
Overall, our findings suggest that this nattokinase-loaded nanozyme could represent a valuable new tool in treating acute MI, potentially paving the way for better therapeutic strategies in the clinical setting.
By assembling into chain-like formations, these nanorobots can navigate through microvascular systems and directly target clots, creating mechanical forces to disrupt them efficiently. The combination of a low-frequency rotating field and a high-frequency alternating field helped not only to penetrate the thrombus but also to release nattokinase effectively.
Our findings revealed that this innovative approach, termed dual frequency-regulated magnetothrombolysis, achieved an impressive vasculature recanalization rate of 81.0% in thrombotic mice. This suggests that enhancing the therapeutic qualities of nattokinase with advanced nanotechnology represents a promising pathway for resolving blood clots more effectively.
Our findings were quite promising. We observed that this NK-HP complex not only addressed the toxicity of NK but also demonstrated strong abilities to break down blood clots. The combination therapy was able to prevent new thrombosis from forming, significantly aiding its use in advanced tumors. Additionally, we found that administering NK-HP alongside specially formulated doxorubicin liposomes enhanced the treatment's effectiveness. This improvement was attributed to reduced fibrin levels in tumors and increased breakdown products, pointing to successful clot dissolution.
Importantly, our work highlights a potential breakthrough in managing CAT in cancer treatment, suggesting that our NK-HP method could be an effective strategy for improving outcomes in patients facing advanced tumors.
The combination of these drugs is significant; however, evaluating nattokinase's isolated effect is complex due to its combined use with indomethacin. The dual-action nanovesicles showed promising results in a mouse model of thrombosis, enhancing treatment outcomes by quickening the release of both drugs in response to inflammatory conditions.
Despite the potential of nattokinase, the findings indicate that its effect cannot be isolated from that of indomethacin, making it difficult to assess its individual contribution to thrombolytic success.
Through our process, we purified the active recombinant nattokinase and tested its ability to dissolve blood clots. Our results were promising; the enzyme exhibited a fibrinolytic activity of 58FU/mg, which is notably five times more effective than the currently used drug, orokinase.
We optimized the conditions for producing nattokinase, including factors like temperature and nutrient concentrations, resulting in an impressive yield of 1805.50 mg/L. This improved production method paves the way for scaling up nattokinase's use in treating cardiovascular diseases related to blood clots. The findings emphasize nattokinase's potential as an effective thrombolytic agent.
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Frequently Asked Questions
A blood clot is a mass of blood that changes from a liquid to a gel, effectively forming a plug that can stop bleeding. This natural process, known as coagulation, is critical for preventing excessive blood loss when you sustain an injury. Blood clots can occur in various areas of the body, typically at the site of a wound, but they can also form within blood vessels without an obvious injury, which may lead to serious health complications.
While blood clots are essential for healing, they can pose significant health risks if they form inappropriately. For example, a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurs when a clot forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs, and can travel to the lungs, causing a life-threatening condition called a pulmonary embolism. Risk factors for blood clots include prolonged immobility, certain medical conditions, and the use of specific medications, among others. It’s important to recognize the symptoms of abnormal clotting, such as swelling, pain, and redness in the affected area, and seek medical attention if they occur.
Nattokinase is an enzyme extracted from a traditional Japanese food called natto, which is made from fermented soybeans. This enzyme is thought to have potential health benefits, primarily for cardiovascular health. Nattokinase is believed to support the breakdown of fibrin in the blood, which can help improve circulation and reduce the risk of blood clot formation. As a dietary supplement, it is often marketed for its possible ability to promote healthy blood flow and cardiovascular function.
While some studies suggest that nattokinase may help reduce blood pressure and enhance overall heart health, research is still ongoing. As with any supplement, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before adding nattokinase to your regimen, especially if you are on blood-thinning medications or have underlying health conditions. Overall, while nattokinase might offer some intriguing health benefits, more comprehensive studies are needed to fully understand its efficacy and safety profile.
Nattokinase is an enzyme derived from fermented soybeans and has been the subject of research for its potential benefits related to cardiovascular health. Some studies suggest that Nattokinase may help reduce the risk of blood clots by breaking down fibrin, a protein involved in blood clotting. This fibrinolytic activity could potentially improve blood circulation and reduce the likelihood of clot formation. However, while some preliminary evidence is promising, more extensive clinical trials are needed to establish its efficacy and safety definitively.
If you are considering using Nattokinase as a supplement for blood clot management, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional first. They can provide personalized advice and ensure that it does not interact with any medications you may be taking, particularly anticoagulants or blood thinners, which could lead to increased bleeding risks. Ultimately, while Nattokinase may offer potential benefits, it should not replace conventional medical treatments for blood clots.
Based on user reviews, the timeframe to see results from taking Nattokinase and Serrapeptase for blood clot issues can vary. Many users reported noticeable improvements after a few weeks of consistent use. For instance, one user mentioned that after three months of taking the supplement, their blood viscosity returned to normal levels (Read Review). Another reviewer noted feeling significant improvements in overall health, including cognitive function, by taking six capsules daily over a period of about 7 to 10 days, despite an initial “herxing phase” where they felt temporarily worse (Read Review).
Additionally, other users indicated that long-term use has led to sustained benefits in cardiovascular health and prevention of clotting issues, suggesting that while some might experience early benefits, a consistent regimen may be necessary for maximum effectiveness. For instance, one user who has taken it for several years reports that their blood tests for cholesterol and clotting risks have been ideal (Read Review). Overall, while some early effects can be felt within days, significant results may require longer-term adherence.
Based on several studies, there is substantial scientific research supporting the use of nattokinase as a supplement for managing blood clots. Nattokinase, an enzyme extracted from fermented soybeans, has demonstrated strong fibrinolytic properties, meaning it can effectively dissolve blood clots. For instance, a study revealed that nattokinase significantly enhanced clot lysis and improved the dynamics of blood flow, making it a promising therapeutic option for preventing thrombosis ([1]). In another study, a combination of nattokinase and a novel formulation showed significant potential for treating blood clots and reducing heart damage in models of acute myocardial infarction ([2]).
More research highlights how nattokinase can be incorporated into various treatment modalities, from enhanced delivery systems with nanoparticles ([14]) to combining it with other agents like heparin ([4]). Clinical trials have also supported its safety and effectiveness, noting improvements in symptoms without adverse reactions ([13]). The consistent findings across these studies suggest a favorable safety profile and efficacy for nattokinase in blood clot management, reinforcing its potential role as a dietary supplement in cardiovascular health.
Based on user reviews, many individuals reported significant improvements in various health symptoms, particularly related to blood clotting and cardiovascular health. Several users noted enhanced circulation and normalization of blood viscosity. For example, one reviewer highlighted a positive blood test result that led a technician to inquire about their blood thinner usage, as they experienced reduced bleeding after venipuncture (Read Review). Another user diagnosed with hepatic vein thrombosis reported the disappearance of a thrombus after incorporating Nattokinase into their treatment (Read Review).
Moreover, individuals have expressed improved energy levels and cognitive function after using the product, particularly in the context of post-COVID recovery (Read Review). Users also commented on its preventive capabilities against heart attacks and strokes, reinforcing the notion that consistent use can lead to long-term benefits (Read Review). While experiences are varied and individual results can differ, the overall sentiment suggests that many have found substantial relief from symptoms associated with poor circulation and increased blood clots.
Users report positive experiences when combining Nattokinase with other supplements, particularly serrapeptase, for managing blood clot issues. Several reviewers highlighted that the combination enhances the overall effectiveness of blood thinning and clot dissolution. For instance, one individual mentioned that serrapeptase contributes to anti-inflammatory properties that complement Nattokinase's blood-thinning effects, making it beneficial for both themselves and their spouse (Read Review). Another user noted that this pair boosts thrombolytic activity, thereby preventing intravascular thrombus formation and enhancing overall cardiovascular health (Read Review).
Other users also documented specific instances where the combination helped address various health concerns, including post-COVID complications and high blood viscosity. One reviewer, who used both Nattokinase and serrapeptase, emphasized that this pairing significantly improved their energy and cognitive function after experiencing long COVID symptoms (Read Review). Moreover, some users indicated that taking these supplements on an empty stomach maximized their benefits, suggesting strategic timing can further enhance their efficacy (Read Review). Overall, the consensus among users is that combining these supplements not only improves blood clot management but also supports broader cardiovascular health.
When it comes to using nattokinase for blood clot treatment, research highlights several effective dosing strategies. A notable study evaluated patients suffering from vascular diseases, particularly deep vein thrombosis, who were administered a daily dose of 100 mg of nattokinase. The results indicated significant clinical improvement without adverse reactions or drug interactions, underscoring the potential of this dose as a practical option for managing blood clots [13].
Moreover, in experimental models involving mice, doses of 4000, 8000, and 12000 Fibrin Units per kilogram were used to assess the impact of nattokinase in preventing thrombosis, showcasing its ability to effectively combat clot formation [6]. Overall, while 100 mg daily seems to be a well-supported dosage for clinical use, further investigation into specific fibrin unit metrics could fine-tune dosing strategies across various populations and conditions.
We found that this unique coating significantly enhanced the antithrombotic properties of the stents. The presence of nattokinase, in particular, played a crucial role in minimizing platelet and fibrinogen adhesion. This led to improved blood flow dynamics, as evidenced by longer clotting times and reduced activation of clotting factors.
Furthermore, our findings showed that the modified stents not only prevented blood clots from forming but also promoted the growth of endothelial cells, which are essential for healthy blood vessel functionality. Overall, this combination of materials and their interactions make a promising approach to enhance the safety and effectiveness of neurovascular interventions.
Through tail vein injections into a mouse model, the combination of manganese oxide and nattokinase showed promising results. We observed that this innovative treatment not only helped dissolve clots but also countered oxidative stress—an issue that often exacerbates heart damage. The results indicated significant improvements in restoring blood flow and reducing heart injury.
Overall, our findings suggest that this nattokinase-loaded nanozyme could represent a valuable new tool in treating acute MI, potentially paving the way for better therapeutic strategies in the clinical setting.
During our research, we prepared magnetite nanoparticles using a combination of Fe₃ O₄, carboxymethyl chitosan, and sodium alginate. These nanoparticles encapsulated NK, creating a delivery system with a mean diameter of 168.9 nm and a negative zeta potential of -33.8 mV. When tested, we found that around 65.24% of NK was released within 12 hours, demonstrating a sustained release mechanism.
The results of our thrombolysis experiments underscored the effectiveness of this system. NK-MNPs showed a high degree of light transmittance at 90%, indicating successful targeting. Additionally, we noted that the hemolysis rate remained below 5% at effective enzyme activity levels. Importantly, after 90 days of storage at 4 °C, NK-MNPs retained over 90% of their enzyme activity, suggesting good stability.
In conclusion, our findings point to NK-MNPs being a promising option for improving thrombolytic treatment, combining both sustained release and targeted delivery to enhance the treatment of thrombolic diseases.
Our findings were quite promising. We observed that this NK-HP complex not only addressed the toxicity of NK but also demonstrated strong abilities to break down blood clots. The combination therapy was able to prevent new thrombosis from forming, significantly aiding its use in advanced tumors. Additionally, we found that administering NK-HP alongside specially formulated doxorubicin liposomes enhanced the treatment's effectiveness. This improvement was attributed to reduced fibrin levels in tumors and increased breakdown products, pointing to successful clot dissolution.
Importantly, our work highlights a potential breakthrough in managing CAT in cancer treatment, suggesting that our NK-HP method could be an effective strategy for improving outcomes in patients facing advanced tumors.
The results showed that nattokinase improved clinical symptoms significantly without causing any adverse reactions or drug interactions. We observed that while other treatments were included, nattokinase still played a crucial role in enhancing the patients' conditions. Moreover, throughout the follow-up period, there were no new cases of vascular diseases reported.
This study underscores the importance of monitoring patient progress and adjusting treatments as necessary while administering fibrinolytic medications. Ultimately, we can conclude that nattokinase offers a promising and safe option for both preventing and treating vascular diseases.
Following this, we delved into how nattokinase is absorbed in the small intestine using various methods, including animal models, gut sac models, and Caco-2 cell monolayer models. Our findings suggested that nattokinase is moderately absorbed in the intestine, and this absorption relies on energy and time. By employing agents like chlorpromazine, nystatin, and EIPA, we observed that the internalization of nattokinase involves several pathways, including macropinocytosis and clathrin-mediated and caveolae-mediated endocytosis.
Overall, the results offer valuable insights into how oral supplementation of nattokinase could work inside our bodies to prevent blood clots, laying the groundwork for further research in this area.
References
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- Shi Y, Liu C, Gui Y, Guo Y, Zhang Y, et al. A Nattokinase-Loaded Nanozyme for Alleviating Acute Myocardial Infarction via Thrombolysis and Antioxidation. Adv Healthc Mater. 2024. doi:10.1002/adhm.202402763
- Gao R, Zhang W, Chen X, Shen J, Qin Y, et al. Dual Frequency-Regulated Magnetic Vortex Nanorobots Empower Nattokinase for Focalized Microvascular Thrombolysis. ACS Nano. 2024;18:29492. doi:10.1021/acsnano.4c04331
- Wang D, Kou Y, Guo T, Duan L, Chen J, et al. Intravenous injection of nattokinase-heparin electrostatic complex improves the therapeutic effect of advanced tumors by dissolving cancer-related thrombosis. Life Sci. 2024;355:122935. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122935
- Coutinho SB, Shirodkar RR, Kanjirakkandy A, Arulmozhi V, Vaithilingam M, et al. Production of Nattokinase from MRS18: A Bacterial Strain Isolated from Fermented Beans. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem. 2024;22:223. doi:10.2174/0118715257275639231219054353
- Feng H, Liu C, Liu Q, Wang J, Zeng Y, et al. Study on the transport and internalisation mechanism of dietary supplement nattokinase in the small intestine using animal and Caco-2 cell monolayer models. Xenobiotica. 2023;53:670. doi:10.1080/00498254.2023.2284249
- Xia Y, Chen R, Ke Y, Han Q, Ma Z, et al. ROS-responsive phenylboronic ester-based nanovesicles as multifunctional drug delivery systems for the treatment of inflammatory and thrombotic complications. Biomater Sci. 2023;11:7805. doi:10.1039/d3bm01427d
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- Modi A, Raval I, Doshi P, Joshi M, Joshi C, et al. Heterologous expression of recombinant nattokinase in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and media optimization for overproduction of nattokinase using RSM. Protein Expr Purif. 2023;203:106198. doi:10.1016/j.pep.2022.106198
- Wang Y, Wang H, Zhang Y, Xu F, Wang J, et al. Stepwise Strategy to Identify Thrombin as a Hydrolytic Substrate for Nattokinase. J Chem Inf Model. 2022;62:5780. doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00978
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- Zhang X, Tong Y, Wang J, Lyu X, Yang R. Screening of a Bacillus subtilis strain producing both nattokinase and milk-clotting enzyme and its application in fermented milk with thrombolytic activity. J Dairy Sci. 2021;104:9437. doi:10.3168/jds.2020-19756
- Gallelli G, Di Mizio G, Palleria C, Siniscalchi A, Rubino P, et al. Data Recorded in Real Life Support the Safety of Nattokinase in Patients with Vascular Diseases. Nutrients. 2021;13. doi:10.3390/nu13062031
- Liu S, Zhu J, Liu C, Li J, Li Z, et al. Synthesis of sustained release/controlled release nanoparticles carrying nattokinase and their application in thrombolysis. Pharmazie. 2021;76:145. doi:10.1691/ph.2021.0155
- Li X, Yang X, Umar M, Zhang Z, Luo W, et al. Expression of a novel dual-functional polypeptide and its pharmacological action research. Life Sci. 2021;267:118890. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118890
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